Resources

Countless sources. One timeline.

One chronological feed of countless verified news articles, broadcast segments, court filings, and advocacy pieces on the United States' nitrogen executions — grouped by moment and sorted by publication date. Links that no longer resolve have been removed. Cross-linked to the timeline, executions, and the people glossary below.

Video: 28
Article: 306
Official: 29
Advocacy: 46

00 · 2008 — 2023

Pre-history

From the BBC documentary to Oklahoma's statute and Alabama's first protocol.

16 sources

01 · January 25, 2024

Kenneth Eugene Smith

Alabama · the first nitrogen execution in world history.

138 sources

02 · September 26, 2024

Alan Eugene Miller

Alabama · the second nitrogen execution.

37 sources

03 · November 21, 2024

Carey Dale Grayson

Alabama · the third nitrogen execution.

30 sources

04 · February 6, 2025

Demetrius Frazier

Alabama · the fourth nitrogen execution.

23 sources

05 · March 18, 2025

Jessie Hoffman Jr.

Louisiana · the fifth nitrogen execution — the first outside Alabama.

50 sources

06 · June 10, 2025

Gregory Hunt

Alabama · the sixth nitrogen execution.

18 sources

07 · September 25, 2025

Geoffrey Todd West

Alabama · the seventh nitrogen execution.

24 sources

08 · October 23, 2025

Anthony Boyd

Alabama · the eighth nitrogen execution — the longest on record.

35 sources

09 · June 9, 2026

Jeffery Lee & the injunction

The first permanent federal ban on a method of execution.

27 sources

R · Reference

Method explainers & reference

How the protocol works — evergreen background material.

11 sources

Compiled by Rev. Dr. Jeff Hood for Suffocation by Design (2nd ed., 2026). Publication dates reflect first publication or first broadcast. External links open in a new tab.

Glossary

The people in the record.

Every person named in the archive — the condemned, the survivor, the author, governors, corrections officials, federal judges, Supreme Court justices, attorneys, victims, families, and eyewitnesses. 48 entries across 13 categories. Entries with an underlying record link through to the execution or legal page.

The Condemned

The eight men put to death by nitrogen hypoxia between January 2024 and October 2025 — the entire world record of the method to date.

08 entries

Kenneth Eugene Smith

Condemned

Execution № 01 · Alabama · January 25, 2024

The first person in world history put to death by nitrogen hypoxia. Survivor of Alabama's November 2022 botched lethal-injection attempt. Convicted for the 1988 murder-for-hire of Elizabeth Sennett; sentenced to death by judicial override after a jury voted 11–1 for life.

Alan Eugene Miller

Condemned

Execution № 02 · Alabama · September 26, 2024

Second nitrogen execution. Survivor of Alabama's September 2022 botched lethal-injection attempt — 90 minutes in a 'crucifixion position' before the state gave up. Executed under a settlement that bound him to nitrogen only.

Carey Dale Grayson

Condemned

Execution № 03 · Alabama · November 21, 2024

Cursed at the warden and raised both middle fingers as gas began to flow. His body pulled against the restraints for more than eight minutes — the most defiant spectacle yet of the method in practice.

Demetrius Terrell Frazier

Condemned

Execution № 04 · Alabama · February 6, 2025

Transferred from Michigan — an abolition state since 1846 — to Alabama's death row in 2011. His mother's public plea to Governor Whitmer went unanswered.

Jessie Hoffman Jr.

Condemned

Execution № 05 · Louisiana · March 18, 2025

Louisiana's first nitrogen execution and first execution of any kind in fifteen years. A practicing Buddhist whose RLUIPA claim — that suffocation cannot coexist with a practice built on breath — produced the strongest federal judicial ruling yet against the method.

Gregory Hunt

Condemned

Execution № 06 · Alabama · June 10, 2025

Thirty-five years on death row — longer than his victim, Karen Lane, had been alive. Filed his final motions pro se after failing to secure counsel. Told the AP: 'I don't have no pity party.'

Geoffrey Todd West

Condemned

Execution № 07 · Alabama · September 25, 2025

The case in which a victim's own son publicly forgave the condemned and personally delivered a clemency petition to the governor's door. The state proceeded anyway.

Anthony Boyd

Condemned

Execution № 08 · Alabama · October 23, 2025

Founder of 'Project Hope' inside Holman. The longest visible nitrogen execution on record — over ten minutes of convulsions. Justice Sotomayor's dissent from denial of stay became the intellectual scaffolding for the 11th Circuit's Lee opinion seven months later.

The Survivor

The one man scheduled to die by nitrogen who did not — and whose case shut the method down.

01 entries

Jeffery Lee

Survivor

Lee v. Hamm — permanent injunction, June 2026

Subject of the first permanent injunction against a method of execution in American history. His bench trial produced the factual finding — one to three minutes of severe, conscious air hunger — that the Eleventh Circuit converted into a constitutional holding. Alabama abandoned the method it had invented.

Author & Witness

The spiritual advisor and author whose eyewitness testimony forms the spine of this archive.

01 entries

Rev. Dr. Jeff Hood

Author & Witness

Spiritual advisor · author of Suffocation by Design (2nd ed., 2026)

Stood in the execution chamber as spiritual advisor for two of the eight nitrogen executions — Kenneth Smith (Alabama, Jan. 25, 2024) and Anthony Boyd (Alabama, Oct. 23, 2025), the first and the last. His contemporaneous testimony from those two nights — cited in federal court filings up through Lee v. Hamm — is the primary in-chamber eyewitness record of the method as it began and as it ended.

Governors

The executives who authorized nitrogen hypoxia, signed the death warrants, or declined to intervene.

06 entries

Mary Fallin

Governor

Governor of Oklahoma (2011–2019)

Signed HB 1879 on April 17, 2015 — making Oklahoma the first jurisdiction on Earth to statutorily authorize execution by nitrogen hypoxia in the wake of the botched Clayton Lockett execution.

Kay Ivey

Governor

Governor of Alabama (2017–present)

Signed SB 272 authorizing nitrogen hypoxia in Alabama (2018) and presided over all seven Alabama nitrogen executions. Received Will Berry's clemency petition asking her to spare Geoffrey West and did not intervene.

Robert Bentley

Governor

Governor of Alabama (2011–2017)

Approved the 2011 interstate custody transfer that delivered Demetrius Frazier from Michigan — an abolition state — to Alabama's death row.

Rick Snyder

Governor

Governor of Michigan (2011–2019)

Approved the 2011 transfer of Demetrius Frazier out of Michigan custody. Michigan had abolished the death penalty in 1846.

Gretchen Whitmer

Governor

Governor of Michigan (2019–present)

Declined to invoke the interstate transfer agreement to bring Frazier home despite public pleas from his mother, Carol Frazier, in the weeks before his execution.

Sarah Huckabee Sanders

Governor

Governor of Arkansas (2023–present)

Signed Act 626 of 2025, adding nitrogen hypoxia to Arkansas's authorized methods of execution and making Arkansas the fifth U.S. state to authorize the method. No Arkansas nitrogen execution has yet been carried out.

Corrections Officials

The state officials who wrote the protocol, oversaw the chamber, and defended what witnesses saw.

01 entries

John Q. Hamm

Corrections Official

Commissioner, Alabama Department of Corrections

Called every Alabama nitrogen execution 'textbook.' Publicly dismissed visible distress as 'all show.' Claimed Geoffrey West's execution showed 'the least movement that we've seen' — a claim that collapsed under the Boyd account a month later.

Attorneys General

The state attorneys general who defended the nitrogen-hypoxia protocol in federal court, argued for lifting stays, and moved for execution dates.

03 entries

Steve Marshall

Attorney

Attorney General of Alabama (2017–present)

Lead state defender of Alabama's nitrogen-hypoxia protocol in every federal challenge from Smith through Lee v. Hamm. Personally moved the Alabama Supreme Court for every nitrogen-execution warrant. His office argued — through the Boyd emergency stay proceedings — that the eyewitness record of prior executions was not evidence of constitutional injury.

Liz Murrill

Attorney

Attorney General of Louisiana (2024–present)

Louisiana's chief legal officer during the Jessie Hoffman Jr. litigation and execution. Defended the state's nitrogen-hypoxia protocol in Hoffman v. Westcott, moved to vacate Chief Judge Dick's injunction in the Fifth Circuit, and opposed the RLUIPA religious-exercise claim that would have stayed Louisiana's first execution in fifteen years.

Tim Griffin

Attorney

Attorney General of Arkansas (2023–present)

Publicly backed Act 626 of 2025 authorizing nitrogen hypoxia in Arkansas and committed his office to defending the method in the litigation that any future Arkansas nitrogen execution will produce. Arkansas has not yet carried one out.

Federal District Judges

The district-court judges who ruled on the nitrogen protocol — the first line of the constitutional record.

03 entries

Judge R. Austin Huffaker Jr.

Federal Judge

U.S. District Court, Middle District of Alabama

Denied preliminary injunctions in Smith, Miller (2024), Grayson, and Frazier. Repeatedly characterized the eyewitness record of Alabama's nitrogen executions as 'speculation, at best scientific controversy.'

Chief Judge Emily C. Marks

Federal Judge

U.S. District Court, Middle District of Alabama

Presided over Hunt, West, Boyd, and — most consequentially — the Lee v. Hamm bench trial in 2026. Found as fact that Alabama's protocol inflicts one to three minutes of severe, conscious air hunger. On remand from the Eleventh Circuit, entered the first permanent injunction against a method of execution in American history.

Chief Judge Shelly D. Dick

Federal Judge

U.S. District Court, Middle District of Louisiana

Issued the strongest pre-Lee judicial safeguard against nitrogen hypoxia in Hoffman v. Westcott — blending Eighth Amendment and RLUIPA religious-exercise reasoning. Reversed by the Fifth Circuit within days.

Circuit Court Judges

Appellate judges whose opinions — and dissents — shaped the constitutional trajectory of the method.

02 entries

Circuit Judge Jill A. Pryor

Federal Judge

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

Author of the dissent in Smith v. Hamm (11th Cir., 2024): 'He will die. The cost, I fear, will be Mr. Smith's human dignity, and ours.' The first appellate opinion to name what was about to happen.

Judges Jordan, Luck & Kidd

Federal Judge

Eleventh Circuit panel · Lee v. Hamm reversal (per curiam, June 8, 2026)

Accepted every one of Judge Marks's factual findings and reached the opposite legal conclusion — the first federal appellate ruling that execution by nitrogen most likely violates the Eighth Amendment.

Supreme Court Justices

Justices who wrote — or noted — dissents in the shadow-docket rulings that let nitrogen executions proceed.

04 entries

Justice Sonia Sotomayor

Supreme Court Justice

Supreme Court of the United States

Author of the Boyd v. Hamm dissent from denial of stay (October 23, 2025) — joined by Justice Jackson. Catalogued the observable violence of every prior nitrogen execution and warned the Court against ratifying the method by silence.

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson

Supreme Court Justice

Supreme Court of the United States

Joined Justice Sotomayor's Boyd dissent and noted dissent in Hoffman v. Westcott (SCOTUS, 2025).

Justice Elena Kagan

Supreme Court Justice

Supreme Court of the United States

Noted dissent from the Court's 5–4 refusal to intervene in Hoffman v. Westcott.

Justice Neil Gorsuch

Supreme Court Justice

Supreme Court of the United States

Noted dissent in Hoffman v. Westcott — the first time a Justice from the Court's conservative wing publicly broke on a nitrogen case.

Attorneys

Counsel of record whose filings built the constitutional case against the method.

01 entries

Cecelia Trenticosta Kappel

Attorney

Counsel for Jessie Hoffman Jr.

Led the RLUIPA challenge that produced Judge Dick's opinion — the strongest federal judicial finding against nitrogen hypoxia before Lee.

Victims

The eleven people killed in the crimes for which the eight condemned men were sentenced.

08 entries

Elizabeth Sennett

Victim

Colbert County, Alabama · 1988

Killed in a murder-for-hire arranged by her husband, Rev. Charles Sennett Sr., who recruited Kenneth Smith and another man.

Lee Holdbrooks, Christopher Scott Yancy & Terry Jarvis

Victim

Pelham, Alabama · August 5, 1999

Three coworkers shot to death at two Pelham workplaces by Alan Miller, a delivery-truck driver later found to have severe paranoid delusions.

Vickie Lynn Deblieux

Victim

Bald Rock Mountain, Alabama · February 1994

37-year-old hitchhiker killed by four teenagers, including Carey Grayson.

Pauline Brown

Victim

Birmingham, Alabama · 1991

41-year-old woman raped and murdered in the crime for which Demetrius Frazier was sentenced to death.

Mary 'Molly' Elliott

Victim

New Orleans · November 1996

28-year-old advertising executive abducted from a downtown New Orleans parking garage the night before Thanksgiving. Killed by Jessie Hoffman Jr., then 18.

Karen Lane

Victim

Cordova, Alabama · 1988

32-year-old woman beaten to death by her boyfriend Gregory Hunt in the Walker County apartment they shared.

Margaret Parrish Berry

Victim

Attalla, Alabama · 1997

Convenience-store clerk shot to death during a robbery by Geoffrey West. Her son Will Berry publicly forgave West and pleaded for his life.

Gregory Huguley

Victim

Talladega County, Alabama · 1993

Kidnapped and burned to death in retaliation for an unpaid $200 drug debt in the crime for which Anthony Boyd was sentenced.

Family Members & Loved Ones

Family voices in the public record — those who arranged, forgave, pleaded, or grieved.

04 entries

Rev. Charles Sennett Sr.

Family Member

Husband of Elizabeth Sennett

Debt-burdened pastor who arranged his wife's murder-for-hire and recruited Kenneth Smith for $1,000. Died by suicide before he could be charged.

Deanna Smith

Family Member

Wife of Kenneth Smith

In the witness room the night of January 25, 2024. Her post-execution statement — 'They tortured him twice — once with a needle, and once with a mask' — entered the public record the next morning.

Will Berry

Family Member

Son of Margaret Parrish Berry

Publicly forgave the man who killed his mother. Joined death-penalty opponents at the Alabama Capitol, exchanged letters with Geoffrey West, and personally delivered a clemency petition to Governor Ivey's office on the morning of the execution.

Carol Frazier

Family Member

Mother of Demetrius Frazier

Publicly begged Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer to invoke the interstate transfer agreement and bring her son home in the weeks before his execution.

Journalists & Media Witnesses

Reporters who stood in the witness room and whose contemporaneous accounts became the primary record.

06 entries

Kim Chandler

Journalist

Associated Press

Media witness to multiple nitrogen executions in Alabama. Her AP wire dispatches — cited in federal court filings and in Suffocation by Design — are the most widely reproduced eyewitness accounts of the method.

Lee Hedgepeth

Journalist

Tread (independent) · formerly CBS 42

Alabama's most consistent execution-chamber witness. Has stood in the Holman witness room for every nitrogen execution the state has permitted press to observe, and publishes the resulting minute-by-minute accounts through his independent newsletter Tread. His reporting on Smith, Miller, Grayson, and Boyd is cited throughout Suffocation by Design as the running record against which the state's 'textbook' characterization collapses.

Ivana Hrynkiw

Journalist

AL.com

Alabama's on-scene reporter for the Holman executions. Her Miller, West, and Boyd witness accounts document the physical response the state characterized as 'textbook.'

Marty Roney

Journalist

Montgomery Advertiser

Media witness to Kenneth Smith's execution. Reported that Smith's body 'strained against the straps' in a way not described in any state protocol.

Abigail Brooks

Journalist

NBC News

NBC News correspondent reporting from Alabama on the nitrogen-hypoxia executions at Holman. Her network dispatches carried witness-room accounts of the method to a national broadcast audience — reporting the Alabama Department of Corrections' 'textbook' framing alongside what witnesses actually described.

Isabel Rosales

Journalist

CNN

CNN correspondent covering the Alabama and Louisiana nitrogen executions on the ground. Her live and taped reports from outside Holman and Angola brought the eyewitness record — convulsions, gasping, and prolonged conscious breathing — into cable-news coverage in real time.